Derleme Makalesi

Yaşamsal krizlerde emzirme

Yeşim Aksoy Derya1, Kader Atabey Kılıç 1
  1. 1 İnönü Üniversitesi ROR

Öz

Amaç: Bu derlemenin amacı, farklı yaşamsal krizlerin emzirme ve laktasyon süreci üzerindeki etkilerini, karşılaşılan güçlükleri ve bu durumlarda uygulanabilecek destekleyici yaklaşımları mevcut literatür doğrultusunda incelemektir.

Yöntem: Derleme kapsamında PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında yaşamsal krizler ve emzirme ile ilişkili yayınlar incelenmiştir. Literatür; cinsel istismar, aile içi şiddet, kurumsal bakım, boşanma ve tek ebeveynlik, mahkûmiyet, kanser ve cerrahi girişimler, vejetatif durum, bebek kaybı ve evlat edinme olmak üzere dokuz farklı durum kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Yaşamsal krizlerin emzirmenin başlatılması ve sürdürülmesini fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal ve kurumsal mekanizmalar üzerinden etkileyebildiği görülmüştür. Cinsel istismar ve aile içi şiddet emzirme sırasında travmatik deneyimleri tetikleyebilirken, uygun destek bazı kadınlarda emzirmenin sürdürülmesine katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Kurumsal bakım, tek ebeveynlik ve mahkûmiyet durumlarında sosyal, lojistik ve kurumsal engeller öne çıkmaktadır. Kanser ve cerrahi girişimlerde emzirme kararı uygulanan tedavi ve maternal klinik duruma göre değerlendirilmelidir. Vejetatif durumdaki kadınlarda laktasyon yönetimi sınırlı kanıtlar ve etik sorunlar içerirken, bebek kaybı sonrasında laktasyonun sürdürülmesi, süt bağışı veya baskılanması bireysel tercihler doğrultusunda ele alınmalıdır. Evlat edinmede ise indükte laktasyon emzirmenin sağlanmasına yönelik bir seçenek olabilmektedir.

Sonuç: Yaşamsal krizlerde emzirme ve laktasyon yönetimi, anne ve bebeğin güvenliği, klinik gereksinimleri ve annenin tercihleri doğrultusunda bireyselleştirilmelidir. Sağlık profesyonellerinin kanıta dayalı, travma konusunda duyarlı, yargılayıcı olmayan ve multidisipliner bakım sunması önem taşımaktadır.

Referanslar

  1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2018). Committee opinion no. 761: Reproductive health care for incarcerated women and adolescents. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132(3), e71–e83.
  2. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002827
  3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). Screening for intimate partner violence (Committee Opinion No. 105). https://www.acog.org
  4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women (2021). Reproductive health care for incarcerated pregnant, postpartum, and nonpregnant individuals: ACOG committee opinion, Number 830. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138(1), e24–e34. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004429
  5. Amico, J. A., & Finley, B. E. (1986). Breast stimulation in cycling women, pregnant women and a woman with induced lactation: Pattern of release of oxytocin, prolactin and luteinizing hormone. Clinical Endocrinology, 25(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01670.x
  6. Ariyo, T., & Jiang, Q. (2021). Intimate partner violence and exclusive breastfeeding of infants: Analysis of the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00362-9
  7. Asiodu, I. V., Beal, L., & Sufrin, C. (2021). Breastfeeding in incarcerated settings in the United States: A national survey of frequency and policies. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(9), 710–716. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0410
  8. Auerbach, K. G., & Avery, J. L. (1981). Induced lactation: A study of adoptive nursing by 240 women. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 135(4), 340–343. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130290022003
  9. Balogun, O. O., Dagvadorj, A., Anigo, K. M., Ota, E., & Sasaki, S. (2017). Factors influencing breastfeeding exclusivity during the first 6 months of life in developing countries: A quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(4), e12392. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12392
  10. Bartick, M., Hernández-Aguilar, M. T., Wight, N., Mitchell, K. B., Simon, L., Hanley, L., Meltzer-Brody, S., & Lawrence, R. M. (2021). ABM clinical protocol #35: Supporting breastfeeding during maternal or child hospitalization. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(9), 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.29190.mba
  11. Beck, C. T. (2009). An adult survivor of child sexual abuse and her breastfeeding experience: A case study. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 34(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NMC.0000347302.85455.c8
  12. Borucki, L. C. (2005). Breastfeeding mothers’ experiences using a supplemental feeding tube device: Finding an alternative. Journal of Human Lactation, 21(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334405277822
  13. Brown, A., & Davies, R. (2014). Fathers’ experiences of supporting breastfeeding: Challenges for breastfeeding promotion. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 10(4), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12129
  14. Bush, M. C., Nagy, S., Berkowitz, R. L., & Gaddipati, S. (2003). Pregnancy in a persistent vegetative state: Case report, comparison to brain death, and review of the literature. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 58(11), 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OGX.0000093268.20608.53
  15. Carroll, K., Noble-Carr, D., Sweeney, L., & Waldby, C. (2020). The “Lactation After Infant Death (AID) Framework”: A guide for online health information provision about lactation after stillbirth and infant death. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(3), 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420926946
  16. Cazorla-Ortiz, G., Obregón-Guitérrez, N., Rozas-Garcia, M. R., & Goberna-Tricas, J. (2020). Methods and success factors of induced lactation: A scoping review. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(4), 739–749.
  17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420950321
  18. Coles, J. (2009). Qualitative study of breastfeeding after childhood sexual assault. Journal of Human Lactation, 25(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334409334926
  19. Coles, J., Anderson, A., & Loxton, D. (2016). Breastfeeding duration after childhood sexual abuse: An Australian cohort study. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(3), NP28–NP35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415590782
  20. Cyrus, E., Sanchez, J., Madhivanan, P., Lama, J. R., Bazo, A. C., Valencia, J., Leon, S. R., Villaran, M., Vagenas, P., Sciaudone, M., Vu, D., Coudray, M. S., & Atice, F. L. (2021). Prevalence of intimate partner violence, substance use disorders and depression among incarcerated women in Lima, Perú. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111134
  21. Dauphinee, J. D., Amato, K., & Kiehl, E. (1997). Support of the breastfeeding mother in critical care. AACN Clinical Issues, 8(4), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1097/00044067-199711000-00004
  22. DeLacey, E., Allen, E., Tann, C., Groce, N., Hilberg, E., Quiring, M., ... & Kerac, M. (2022). Feeding practices of children within institution‐based care: A retrospective analysis of surveillance data. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 18(3), e13352. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13352
  23. Damoiseaux, D., Calpe, S., Rosing, H., Beijnen, J.H., Huitema, A. D. R., Lok, C., Dorlo, T.P.C., & Amant, F. (2022). Presence of five chemotherapeutic drugs in breast milk as a guide for the safe use of chemotherapy during breastfeeding: Results from a case series. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 112(2), 404–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2626
  24. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). (2026). Sodium Iodide I 131. National Library of Medicine. LactMed – Sodium Iodide I-131
  25. Elfgen, C., Hagenbuch, N., Görres, G., Block, E., & Leeners, B. (2017). Breastfeeding in women having experienced childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Human Lactation, 33(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416680789
  26. Fildes, V. (1988). Wet nursing: A history from antiquity to the present. Basil Blackwell.
  27. Gibson-Davis, C. M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). The association between maternal relationship status and breastfeeding behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(5), 1107–1117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00434.x
  28. Glover, K., Casey, J. J., & Gilbert, M. (2023). Case report: Induced lactation in an adoptive parent. American Family Physician, 107(2), 119-120.
  29. Gorman, J. R., Usita, P. M., Madlensky, L., & Pierce, J. P. (2011). Young breast cancer survivors: Their perspectives on treatment decisions and fertility concerns. Cancer Nursing, 34(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181e4528d
  30. Goshin, L. S., Byrne, M. W., & Blanchard-Lewis, B. (2014a). Preschool outcomes of children who lived as infants in a prison nursery. The Prison Journal, 94(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885514524692
  31. Goshin, L. S., Byrne, M. W., & Henninger, A.M. (2014). Recidivism after release from a prison nursery program. Public Health Nursing, 31(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12072
  32. Gribble, K.D. (2003). Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: Implications for adopted children and their mothers. International Breastfeeding Journal, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-9-14
  33. Hassan, S.M., Sulaiman, Z., & Tengku Ismail, T.A. (2021). Experiences of women who underwent induced lactation: A literature review. Malaysian Family Physician, 16(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.51866/rv0997
  34. Healy, M. (2010). Infant victims of Haiti’s earthquake need breast milk. Los Angeles Times.
  35. Hobbs, A. J., Mannion, C. A., McDonald, S. W., Brockway, M., & Tough, S. C. (2016). The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0876-1
  36. Johnson, H. M., & Mitchell, K. B. (2019). Breastfeeding and breast cancer: Managing lactation in survivors and women with a new diagnosis. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 26(10), 3032–3039. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07596-1
  37. Jubany-Roig, P., & Massó Guijarro, E. (2024). Breastfeeding behind bars: Experiences of incarcerated mothers in the Spanish penitentiary system. Midwifery, 129, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2024.104583
  38. Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (1998). Breastfeeding and the sexual abuse survivor. Journal of Human Lactation, 14(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033449801400213
  39. Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2022). Psychological trauma and breastfeeding: What we know so far. Medical Research Archives, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i11.3288
  40. Kılıç, M. (2024). Ceza infaz kurumlarında anneleriyle yaşayan 0–6 yaş arası çocukların gelişimini etkileyen faktörler ve sosyal hizmet müdahalesi. Disiplinlerarası Çocuk Hakları Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 16–32.
  41. Kihlstrom, A. C., Stiller, T., Sultana, N., Njau, G., Schmidt, M., Stepanov, A., & Williams, A. D. (2025). The impact of marriage on breastfeeding duration: Examining the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized communities. International Breastfeeding Journal, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00698-x
  42. Leal, S. C., Stuart, S. R., & Carvalho, H. D. A. (2013). Breast irradiation and lactation: A review. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 13(2), 159-164. https://doi.org/10.1586/era.12.178
  43. Letourneau, N. L., Young Morris, C., Stewart, M., Hughes, J., Critchley, K. A., & Secco, L. (2013). Social support needs identified by mothers affected by intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(14), 2873–2893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488685
  44. Mitchell, J., Jones, W., Winkley, E., & Kinsella, S. M. (2020). Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020. Anaesthesia, 75(11), 1482–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15179
  45. Mothers’ Milk Bank at Austin. (n.d.). Donating breast milk after loss. https://milkbank.org/donate-milk/donating-after-loss/
  46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2021). guideline NG217, N. I. C. E. (2022). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Health Economics. Health and Care Excellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng247/evidence/k-facilitators-and-barriers-for-maintaining-breastfeeding-beyond-8-weeks-after-birth-pdf-490323905749
  47. Noble-Carr, D., Carroll, K., Copland, S., & Waldby, C. (2023). Providing lactation care following stillbirth, neonatal and infant death: learning from bereaved parents. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(4), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0242
  48. Normann, A. K., Bakiewicz, A., Kjerulff Madsen, F., Khan, K. S., Rasch, V., & Linde, D. S. (2020). Intimate partner violence and breastfeeding: A systematic review. BMJ open, 10(10), e034153. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034153
  49. O’Hara, M. W., & McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612
  50. Oladapo, O. T., & Fawole, B. (2012). Treatments for suppression of lactation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9), CD005937. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005937.pub3
  51. Peccatori, F. A., Codacci-Pisanelli, G., Mellgren, G., Buonomo, B., Baldassarre, E., Lien, E. A., Bifulco, E., Hustad, S., Zachariassen, E., Johansson, H., & Helland, T. (2020). First-in-human pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites in the milk of a lactating mother: a case study. ESMO Open, 5(5), e000859. https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000859
  52. Prior, E., Santhakumaran, S., Gale, C., Philipps, L. H., Modi, N., & Hyde, M. J. (2012). Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(5), 1113–1135. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.030254
  53. Salazar-López, M. E., Vanin, A. A., Cazella, S. C., & Levandowski, D. C. (2020). Feeding consequences for orphans after the mother’s death: A study using text mining software. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(3), e00189717. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00189717
  54. Sorbø, M. F., Lukasse, M., Brantsæter, A. L., & Grimstad, H. (2015). Past and recent abuse is associated with early cessation of breastfeeding: Results from a large prospective cohort in Norway. BMJ Open, 5(12), e009240.
  55. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009240
  56. Span-Sluyter, C. A., Lavrijsen, J. C., van Leeuwen, E., & Koopmans, R. T. (2018). Moral dilemmas and conflicts concerning patients in a vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: Shared or non-shared decision making? A qualitative study of the professional perspective in two moral case deliberations. BMC Medical Ethics, 19(1), 10.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-018-0247-8
  57. Sweet, L., & Power, C. (2009). Family law as a determinant of child health and welfare: Shared parenting, breastfeeding and the best interests of the child. Health Sociology Review, 18(1), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.18.1.108
  58. Siwatch, S., Rohilla, M., Singh, A., Ahuja, C., Jain, K., & Jain, V. (2020). Pregnancy in a persistent vegetative state: A management dilemma. Case report, literature review and ethical concerns. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India, 70(4), 310–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-019-01274-8
  59. Tomori, C., Palmquist, A. E. L., & Quinn, E. A. (2022). Breastfeeding: New Anthropological Approaches. Routledge.
  60. Tsai, S. Y. (2014). Impact of a breastfeeding-friendly workplace on an employed mother’s intention to continue breastfeeding after returning to work. Breastfeeding Medicine, 9(4), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2013.0128
  61. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2004). FDA warns against women using unapproved drug, domperidone, to increase milk production (FDA Talk Paper). https://www.fda.gov
  62. UNICEF. (2018). Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children. United Nations Children’s Fund. https://www.unicef.org/laos/media/10186/file/Guidelines
  63. UNICEF. (2022, August 3). From a Wet Nurse, Breastfeeding and Love. UNICEF Nigeria.
  64. https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/stories/wet-nurse-breastfeeding-and-love?
  65. Wood, K., & Van Esterik, P. (2010). Infant feeding experiences of women who were sexually abused in childhood. Canadian Family Physician, 56(4), e136–e141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860840/
  66. World Health Organization. (2018). Breastfeeding. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/breastfeeding?
  67. World Health Organization & United Nations Children's Fund. (2023). Joint statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell and WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on the occasion of World Breastfeeding Week. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/01-08-2023-joint-statement-by-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-and-who-director-general-dr-tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus-on-the-occasion-of-world-breastfeeding-week?
  68. World Health Organization. (2022). WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-005826-2. Erişim Linki: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240058262?
  69. World Health Organization. (2020). Malnutrition: Emergencies and disasters. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/malnutrition-emergencies-and-disasters?
  70. Yang, Y., Boucoiran, I., Tulloch, K. J., & Poliquin, V. (2020). Is Cabergoline Safe and Effective for Postpartum Lactation Inhibition? A Systematic Review. International Journal of Women's Health, 12, 159–170.
  71. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S232693
  72. Ziomkiewicz, A., Wójcik, J., Pawluski, J. L., & Kmiecik, E. (2021). Perinatal psychosocial stress negatively affects breast milk composition: Evidence from a Polish cohort. Scientific Reports, 11, 90980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90980-3